In a laboratory, work begins with the sample, and the sample is usually booked in by writing it into a logbook. A label is stuck on by hand, it goes on a shelf, and when its turn comes it goes to the instrument. The instrument's output is read off paper and typed into Excel; the report is written into a Word template, signed and emailed to the customer. At small volumes this arrangement genuinely works, and it has worked for years. Once sample numbers rise, though, questions start going unanswered: what stage is this sample at right now, which analyses are finished, who carried them out, when will the result be ready. When the customer rings, finding the answer means asking several people. Worse still, when someone asks which raw data a report issued last month was based on, nobody can speak with certainty.
The second problem shows up in audits. Laboratory work is not only about producing a result but about being able to prove how that result was produced. Which method was used, which version of the method was valid, was the instrument's calibration current on that date, was the analyst authorised for that method, what was done with a result that fell outside the limits. In laboratories accredited under ISO/IEC 17025 or working towards accreditation, this evidence is demanded systematically; on the food and chemicals side, customer audits ask the same questions. Excel cannot answer any of them reliably, because it does not show who changed a cell and when. Scattered records turn into a file-gathering exercise that takes weeks before every audit.
A LIMS, that is a laboratory information management system, runs the sample on a single record from the moment it is received through to the report. The sample is barcoded on arrival, the analyses to be performed are tied to a plan drawn from the method library, and every step is recorded together with who carried it out. Where a result can be taken from the instrument it is transferred directly; where it cannot, it is entered by hand under controls. The entered result is compared automatically against the product or customer specification; an out-of-limit value does not depend on the analyst spotting it, the system flags it. Once the approval stage has been passed, the certificate of analysis, the CoA, is produced from the same data; because the report is not typed out by hand, copying errors disappear. When the sample is linked to a production batch, traceability works in both directions: from batch to analysis and from analysis to batch.
To be honest, a LIMS on its own is not a guarantee of quality. Installing a system does not earn you accreditation; accreditation comes through an audit by TÜRKAK, the Turkish accreditation body, and what is audited is your practice. What the software does is keep the evidence orderly, complete and searchable. In the same way, not every instrument connects automatically: some only produce a paper printout, some write in a closed format, and for some the data interface is licensed separately by the manufacturer. During discovery we go through the instruments one by one and write down in advance which can be connected and which will continue with controlled manual entry. This page is a sector-independent overview; for a more detailed account specific to food laboratories, see our Gaziantep food and laboratory tracking page.