In most companies the same customer lives as more than one record. They are registered on the e-commerce site under one email address, they called the contact centre from a different number, in store they had the invoice made out in their spouse's name, and in accounting they sit as a trading account under a company title. None of these records is wrong; each is correct from the point of view of its own system. But no system knows that these four records belong to the same person. In practice it looks like this: a customer who bought in store last week receives a discount message for the same product, a customer who has been buying regularly for years falls into the new-customer campaign, and someone in the middle of a return is met with a satisfaction survey the next day. What grates is not the message itself, but the fact that the company clearly does not know its customer.
In most businesses this problem is managed with stopgaps. Before a campaign the lists are exported separately, merged by hand in spreadsheets, duplicate rows are picked out by eye and a one-off list comes out at the end. That list starts going stale the moment it is sent; the same work is done from scratch for the next campaign. What is more, consent information is usually lost along the way: who gave permission for which channel and who opted out does not travel with the list. And there is this: when the person who does the merging leaves, the method goes with them, because the rules are not written down anywhere. The real problem here is not that the team is careless, it is that the work cannot be sustained by hand. The responses and complaints that follow a campaign are not recorded in the same file either, so they never carry over to the next list.
A customer data platform (CDP) turns this merging from a job repeated for every campaign into a system that runs continuously. Records coming from the website, the e-commerce platform, CRM, call records, in-store tills and dealer systems are gathered into a single customer profile; records belonging to the same person are merged with matching rules built on fields such as email, phone, tax number and order information. Behaviour is added on top of the profile: when they bought what, which category they looked at, how many support requests they opened, how many days have passed since their last purchase. Segments are then tied to rules and update themselves; a definition such as customers who have not bought in the last ninety days, who have bought at least three times before and who hold an email consent is recalculated every morning. The campaign list is no longer prepared; it is already there in the system.
Let us also separate out a concept that is often confused. A data management platform (DMP) is a structure used mainly for ad targeting and working largely with anonymous, short-lived cookie data; a CDP works with the identified, persistent customer data that you own. As third-party cookies have been restricted in browsers, the classic use of the DMP has narrowed and the weight has shifted to your own data; today the audiences sent to advertising platforms are mostly produced from consented lists in the CDP. Let us draw the line at the outset: the system we build does not match with one hundred per cent accuracy. Records whose identity data is weak are left unmerged, and that is reported with an acceptable margin of error; silently merging doubtful matches is more damaging than leaving them apart. Nor is a customer without consent sent to a marketing channel in any segment; consent status is a mandatory field carried by the profile.